10 Jobs That Don’t Require a Drug Test

10 Jobs That Don’t Require a Drug Test If you’re a stoner- or a medical user- or just someone who enjoys the occasional recreational puff, it’s good to know which jobs you can apply for without having to worry about a drug test. Rather than sweat the test in the hiring process, why not focus on a job that won’t bother? The good news is, there are plenty of jobs that don’t drug test typically. Here are a few favorites.1. ChefAs long as you can expertly and efficiently prepare excellent meals, no one cares what you do on your days off. It’s an expense most restaurants won’t prioritize. If you can’t cook, you could also try for a job as a restaurant manager and oversee things instead.2. BookkeeperBookkeepers and accountants might have to go through drug testing if they want to work for a company. But if you build your own bookkeeping or accounting business, you’re your own boss and on your own.3. IT/ProgrammerAgain, if you’re a self-employed consultant rather tha n a member of a corporate staff, you can avoid drug testing and still tinker with computers for cash.4. Event PlannerIf you’re super organized and great at throwing parties or planning weddings, then this self-contracting gig could be great for you.5. Graphic DesignerCreative professionals tend to get evaluated more on their talent rather than their squeaky clean drug-free record. If you have the skills, chances are you’ll never be asked to pee in a cup.6. Animator/Visual Effects/Video Game Designer2D and 3D designers, like video game designers, often work for studios that encourage a climate of openness and collaboration- and aren’t terribly keen on drug testing.7. Fashion/Interior designerWhether you design clothes or help people decorate their homes, you will probably work for yourself. Therefore, you set the rules. And you don’t bother with drug tests. You could even consider doing floral design and making beautiful flower arrangements from the comfor t of your own nursery.8. CosmetologistMake people pretty, employ yourself, and do whatever you like on your weekends. Be careful to avoid salons that are more corporate and would be more likely to test. You could also consider working as a makeup artist and hire yourself out for events and weddings.9. Dog TrainerBe the dog whisperer of your town. You’ll tend to be self-employed, so drug tests are not likely to be a problem.10. Personal TrainerHere again, you can be your own boss. And most gyms and fitness clubs don’t bother with drug tests, anyway. It’s a great career to make sure you keep yourself fit and help others to do so as well.

systems media table Essay Example

systems media table Essay Example systems media table Essay systems media table Essay Systems Media Table Name: Course: Institution: Tutor: Date: System Purposes Examples Uses Word processorThese word processors are computer appliances used in producing typed text. The main purpose is to carry out all forms of manipulation in a created document in accordance to the user requirements through editing. In addition, word processors also enable the exchange of information and processing inputted data to output.One example is Microsoft word, which is used in creating a document through typing words. The second example is Microsoft excel which is used in performing calculations, creating and manipulation of tables.There are various applications of word processors including the use of footnotes, inserting and drawing tables and diagrams, and the appliance of arithmetic functions. Other uses includes checking and assessing grammatical errors, finding and replacing words, brings in information and arranges data in the order specified by the user.Hierarchical databaseThis is a data representation, which follows a tree-form arrangement. The main purpose is in present ing the different types of association that help in connecting a number of information presented in tables.An example is in a school database that includes several features listed in columns such as student number, first name and last name. The hierarchical database can be applied when relating this database to another that contains student grades.The hierarchical database is used for presenting a sequence of information in a particular structure that is able to show the link between the various involved fields. It is also used in collecting and arranging data in a way that the various fields can be traced.Flat databaseIt is a database made of only one table. The singular table consists of a group of fields including rows and columns. It ensures easier storage of data by storing various categories of data in a single location.A mobile phone list can be a good example of a flat database since it contains two fields including the name and the corresponding telephone numberA flat datab ase can be applied in several fields including the creation of tables in word processors like Microsoft excel and web documents that include tables using HTML.Object-oriented databaseThis is a database providing facilities for database management. It enables storage of data in a way that can only be understood through applying techniques defined by its group. The connection among the same objects is reserved as indications between the objects.An example of an object-oriented database is the Virtual Object Storage System or VOSS that specializes in offering visible multi-user availability and operation processing of constant and versioned Smalltalk objects.An object-oriented database enables computer programmers to build up a certain product, accumulate them as objects and adjust the current objects to new ones that can be used within the database system.Stand alone information systemThis type of information system has the ability to operate autonomously without the assistance of con necting to other information systems.Examples of stand-alone system include the Mac operating system, Linux OS, Vista, Unix, Netware and Solaris operating systems.Stand-alone information systems can be used in the implementation of household security systems and telephony systems.Hospital information systemThis system ensures that the various medical institutions provide the utmost quality in healthcare and administrative service by providing information where it is required and acquiring it when generated through electronic data processing.An example of a Health Information System is the Radiology Information system that performs functions such as storage, manipulation, retrieval and interpretation of information concerning the x-rays performed on patients.The information system is used for managing information revolving the medical and administrative sectors in order for the medical staff to operate more effectively.Specialty information systemIt deals with handling processes that are specialized and connected to the Information Technology appliances. In addition, it is responsible for the management of information technology.An example is the Enterprise Resource Planning system, which is an incorporated information system that is used for managing the internal and external sources of a computer.Specialty Information Systems can be used in processes including management of projects, system analysis and design, database and network management, systems integration and engineering.Administrative information systemThey are information systems that are responsible for storing, retrieving and maintaining the flow of information that backs up the administrative structure of a particular organization.Examples of administrative information systems found in academic institutions include myWeb that gives information on students and the administrative staff and DUReports that deals with managing flow of information within the administrative sector.This system can be app lied in analyzing business processes, designing information systems, evaluation and assessment in technical research, programming systems and administrating databases for other several databases.Operations support systemsThe operating support system consists of applications that assist the communication service giver in monitoring, analyzing, controlling and managing a communication network.An example of an operating support system is the Transaction Processing System in which information is recorded and processed from business operations. Process Control Systems is another example that deals with monitoring and controlling the processes that take place in a computer hardware.It can be used for configuring network elements, sustaining the network list, providing customer service in communication agencies and managing network errors.Documentation systemThe system is designed to give particular information on the requirements, structure, operations and functionality of a yet to be dev eloped system.An example is the medical documentation system, in which the medical service providers are able to be updated on the status of their patientsThe system can be used in accessing a general overview of other systems in order to borrow concepts when developing the new system.Electronic medical recordThis is an automated hospital record that is developed in health organizations including hospitals and clinics that deals with storing, retrieving and modifying information included in the records.Examples of softwares that show automated medical records include the Meditouch, and eClinical, that includes medical data of patients from the arrival to leaving period.The automated medical records can be used in assessing the interactive processes that take place between the patients and the medical staff. It can also be used for financial reference whereby the cost of medical supplies is calculated by referring to the list including the amount of medical supplies.SpreadsheetSpread sheets enable arithmetic calculations to be carried out through electronic means. Users can also be able to make corrections and changes to the numbers during the calculating process.An example is in the case where students are asked to get the statistical figures of their surrounding population. In this case, a spreadsheet will be used in arranging different population categories where the data is entered in different rows and columns.Spreadsheets can be used in the financial fields of accounting, assessment and evaluations of financial records, presentation of statistical graphs and financial budgeting.Presentation/graphicalThis system allows users in using different graphic styles to present extremely stylized pictures for slide show presentations. It consists of functions for inserting charts that helps in presenting information.An example is of a presentation or graphical application is the Microsoft PowerPoint, which enables users to transform the information to be in a presen table manner by increasing font size plus the inclusion of images and graphs.The system can be used for presenting ideas in business management projects. It can also be used in presenting statistical figures when analyzing the costs involved in a business project.Decision aidA Decision aid system offers assistance in reaching a final decision given a selection of various alternatives. It focuses on helping individuals in selecting the most appropriate choice among various alternatives.An example is the Diagnostic decision Aid System for selection of surgical treatment. Another example is the Weed control Decision Aid System for selecting the preferred method of controlling weeds.A decision aid can be used where in assisting the medical staff where they have to make critical decisions concerning the appropriate medical diagnosis to follow when examining a patient.Decision support systemIt is a system meant for analyzing and presenting information in order to simplify the decision-mak ing process. In addition, it supports activities of a particular business or organization that supports decision-making.An example of this system is the Knowledge Based System, which is a set of artificial devices aimed at providing intellectual justified decisions. Another example is the banking system in which the credit status of a loan applicant is validated.Used for planning and managing the business activities in an organization. It can be used for financial analysis when making decisions based on the statistical figures of sales, costs and income. Expert SystemIt is a computerized system meant for giving solutions to composite problems through the process of reasoning about information. In addition, it does not follow the processes used by a developerAn example is known as the PXDES, or the Pneumoconiosis X-ray Diagnosis System, which is used for diagnosis of lung illnesses and x-rays. It integrates the inference locomotive to scan the shadows generated by the x-ray.They can be used in diagnostic appliances, making critical decisions within the financial sector, configuration of personal computers. Other uses include monitoring real time systems and underwriting insurance guidelines.

LC Financing. Comparison between an Islamic and a conventional bank in Essay

LC Financing. Comparison between an Islamic and a conventional bank in Qatar - Essay Example It is a financial agreement – a secure mode of payment - between an importer and exporter for goods shipped (Finance). In Wall Street Words, David L. Scott defines a letter of credit as â€Å"a promise of payment in the event that certain requirements are met. A letter of credit essentially substitutes the credit of a third party (usually a large bank) for that of a borrower. In the case of municipal bonds, an LOC generally permits a trustee to draw six months' interest and sufficient funds to retire outstanding bonds at par in the event of default† (qtd. in Letter of Credit). Since L/Cs carry a risk for the issuing bank in case the client defaults, the bank assesses the client’s creditworthiness and financial position to evaluate his ability to pay in the future. In some cases, the bank may ask for a security to minimize chances of loss. There are various departments within the bank which cater to such analysis and evaluation in order to judge whether the custom er is worthy of providing credit or not. If the customer simply is asking for a letter of credit then the bank assumes responsibility for the traded goods coming into the country. In that case, checks and balances are even stricter and require that the customer is of extremely good credit worthiness based on which financing and LC facilities are then provided. Corporate and commercial banking departments are formulated where teams sit and evaluate companies for their creditworthiness as well as their capacity to pay back the loans that they have taken. Other departments that may be involved in this case may include Risk Management department, Credit management department, Commercial Banking and Audit as well as a committee that is formulated especially to evaluate credit packages that are developed through the corporate or commercial banking departments. (Islam). Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (UCP 600), issued by the International Chamber of Commerce, includes the latest rules which govern letter of credit transactions in international trade finance worldwide. What are  L/C finance contracts? There are various financial solutions offered by banks for trade financing. L/C finance contracts are one of them, with modern banks offering a wide range of L/C financing products to meet complex needs of traders. One of these is export contracts through which the exporter's bank extends a loan to him. Trade loans are regarded as an important trade finance technique. They are especially suitable for wholesalers and manufacturers as they can be utilized for both one-off and regular purchases of raw materials, goods, etc. The bank can extend finance until payment from the on-sale of goods is provided by the client (Barclays). L/C finance contracts in Islamic bank Muslim jurists believe that reward for capital needs to be linked to the outcome of any project if financing is being extended by the bank. They are of the view that gains should be made v ia trade involving sale and purchase (Hanif 3). Islamic banks have thus come up with alternate, Shariah-complaint financial solutions for customers as compared to conventional banks. Murabaha is one of the most commonly used principles in Islamic trade finance. It refers to: â€Å"†¦a contract of sale and purchase at a profit margin between the supplier and the purchaser of the good. The

Respond to Taxation No Tyranny Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Respond to Taxation No Tyranny - Assignment Example The other would be that as humanity is uniform so do Americans resemble Europeans in such a manner. The protagonists have also made claims that the ancestors yielded to such tyranny as they had no right to vote or either gave up their rights for certain benefits such as being protected by the law and thus the colonists have exactly that which was passed on to them by the ancestors (Johnson 1775). The attempt to gain independence has been viewed as a progressive disobedience that started as dispute to paying of taxes and has grown to questioning of legislation. This leaves the colonialist with options that are limited to either yield to the demands or to combat the uprising. With the relentless nature of the colonist the latter has an upper hand, in other words resigning of dominion is impossible but reinstating it by force is inevitable. Furthermore the colonialist feels that such drum beats of independence must not rise from such a people as those who are enslavers of other races such as Negroes (Johnson 1775). The zeal with which these claims have been put across is outstanding, but the knowledge behind them is wanting; another display of leaping without thinking. The colonialist ought to know that times have changed and only a man who supports stagnation and stunted growth would support subjection of America to the Britain. To tell the Americans to continue under the tyranny of colonization given that that is what the ancestors passed on to them is a sheer display of cowardice towards change and exposure to the deficiencies of status quo. Every American is grateful at what the ancestors did to provide a system that worked in those days. It is indeed true that the Americans resemble Europeans that is why freedom is inevitable in America just as it is in Europe. Our ancestors might have forgone their right to vote and to make legislation for the benefits of being protected by the law, for the nation

Military Defense Spending Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Military Defense Spending - Research Paper Example It is imperative to reduce the defence expenditure since it has minimal contribution to the economy. The decline in defence allocations will result in lower incomes for firms that operate in this industry. The reduction in defence budgets will lead to reduction of operations in the defence-contracting firms. Consequently, such entities will retrench employees to an extent that suit their income levels since they are profit oriented. The reduction in budgetary allocations will result in merging of firms as they attempt to consolidate their operations to reduce their overheads. The reduction in defence spending will result in contraction of the defence industry. Additionally, the reduction in defence spending will result in reduced foreign earning form this industry. The defence industry has few players. As such, the industry has few buyers and contractors. The main contractors include Lockheed, General Dynamic and Boeing. This implies that the industry is monopolistic and inelastic. T his state is due to the nature of their merchandise. Additionally, the above contracts are shrouded in secrecy due their sensitive nature. Thus, customers in this industry prefer certain contractors. (Burns). Evidently, the market forces that characterize other industries are absent. Thus, the cost of products in this industry is dependent on other factors rather than market forces (Dwivedi 54). Such factors include duration of executing the contract, the sensitivity of the technology and global alliances. The factors that drive prices in this industry are different since arms trade is a sensitive industry monitored globally. As such, governments do not licence many firms in this industry. The state of the current industry has benefits and disadvantages. First, the industry deals in sensitive merchandise hence, most governments prefer to keep the deals confidential. Additionally, proliferation of some of the weapons would lead to destabilization of global peace. Therefore, having fe w firms in this industry helps deal with black-market dealers. Having few firms in this industry implies that the present corporations will always get contracts. This means that there is minimal competition among the firms involved. The American government has made efforts to maintain competition among players in this industry by barring any merger of large defence firms since this would turn the industry into a monopoly. As such, the American government barred proposed unification between Boeing and Lockheed (Krieg). This would have resulted in the unification of the two principal aerospace contractors. The intervention of the American government was timely since these are the two leading firms in the industry. Therefore, allowing such a merger would have eliminated competition in totality (Krieg). Evidently, this sector ought to have additional players to make it more competitive. This applies to the large contracts that require massive capital outlay. However, this does not apply to smaller contracts since numerous firms have the capability to bid for such contracts making it competitive. However, competition does not vary cost of contracts. This is a key feature of this industry that will not change since defence-contracting firms use specialized

Research Project: Impact and Causes of Air Pollution

Research Project: Impact and Causes of Air Pollution NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND GLOBAL EMPOWERMENT, THE CASE OF INDUSTRIAL AIR POLLUTION IN ILUPEJU INDUSTRIAL ESTATE, LAGOS STATE. BY ATUBI AUGUSTUS O. (Ph.D) ABSTRACT The research work is primarily on industrial pollution; focusing on air pollution in the Ilupeju industrial estate of Lagos State, in Mushin Local Government Area. Air pollution has been a serious problem to the people who reside closely to Ilupeju industrial zone since inception of the area. It has been responsible for various ailments among the people and those who work in the industries that pollute the air through the use of some dangerous chemicals. The research work looked at the various ways by which air pollution is being generated in the area, the effects on the people and the possible control measures to minimize its further damage on the health of the people and the place for national development and global empowerment. INTRODUCTION The environment is the setting of man’s various productive activities. The impact of man on the landscape through these activities and the extent of environmental pollution arising there from have been well documented (Atubi and Onokala, 2006a, Atubi, 2007b). In Nigeria today, most of the industrial estates are not meant for industries alone; residential homes can be found in the so-called industrial estates also. And with this development, the problem of industrial pollution has effects on man, plants and materials. The areas which contain industries manufacturing different products such as petrochemicals, detergents, injects harmful wastes into the air such as carbon monoxide, sulphur oxide, nitrogen oxide and hydrocarbons which are the major sources of air pollution. Generally, the release of industrial waste into the air has been responsible for many health problems such as chronic bronchitis, malaria, asthma and also the damaging of roofing sheets and buildings. The resident are not fully aware of the damages being done to their lives and properties by those harmful wastes. Most of the past researches in Nigeria and the world in general on industrial pollution such as Hodges (1977); Mcgraw-Hill (1977); Okoro (1979); Nwafor (1981); Simmon (1982); Kormondy (1984); Segynola (1988); Ohagi (1988); Ademorati (1988); Miller (1994); Hill (1999) to mention a few, have their focus on effects and causes of industrial pollution in general and not on industrial estate. Available evidence (Census, 1991) shows that about sixty thousand people reside in the Ilupeju industrial area, yet very low priority is accorded to the problems of industrial pollution and environmental quality in the area. The problem of air pollution is worse in Lagos than in any other Nigerian city. It is also more complex in Lagos. The study is aimed at analyzing the effects of industrial air pollution on the residents and environments of Ilupeju industrial estate as a way for national development and global empowerment. STUDY AREA/DATA COLLECTION This study is focused on Ilupeju industrial estate, which in the context of this paper comprises of over 20 streets and for proper administration it was further divided into three zones. The zones are Ilupeju bye-pass as zone A, Coker area as zone B, Town Planning area as zone C. Ilupeju industrial estate is located within the Mushin Local Government Area of Lagos State. It covers an area of about 110 hectares of land. It is transversed by longitude 30 and 3060I east and latitude 3030I north. It is bounded in the North by Ikeja Local Government Area, in the east by Somolu Local Government Area, in the West by Oshodi/Isolo Local Government Area, and in the South by Surulere Local Government Area in Lagos State in 1962 (fig. 1). It occupies a unique position in Lagos State, firstly as an industrial zone, secondly as a commercial centre, thirdly as a residential area and lastly as a major route. The concentration of industries can be found in Ilupeju industrial estate. And the area is well established because of the rapid growth of new and large industrial establishments, which include good transportation, and relatively high standard of available public utilities. The industries on this estate include paints, plastic, textiles, printing services and the manufacturers of soap and detergents etc. The banking sector is another sector found amongst the economic activities that takes place in Ilupeju. The data on which the study is based were collected through questionnaire survey in the year 2005 from three zones to which Ilupeju industrial estate was divided. The random/systematic sampling techniques was used to select a number of streets. Out of the 20 streets in the area 10 were randomly selected for the study in which three houses were again selected randomly with two persons selected for interview. Responses from the questionnaires were mainly used for data analysis. The computation elied on averaging model, percentages and Analysis of variance (ANOVA). CAUSES OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION Mcgraw-Hill (1977) stated that other sources such as pesticides and man’s earth-moving and agricultural practices lead to vastly increased atmospheric burden of the soil particles and of pollens, spots, rust and smuts. Okoro (1979) further stated that industrialization is as a result of man’s attempt to provide himself with facilities for optimum employment. Industries leave behind peculiar wastes. They also pollute our environment, think of the cloud of smoke that emerges from the industrial house and apparently disappears into the air, think of various colour liquid some of them have foul smells that are emptied into the rivers, lagoons and oceans. They change environment’s composition and destroy its purity. To assess this, respondents were asked to mention the causes of industrial pollution in the estate. The response made showed that the use of chemicals in Zone A is one of the major causes of pollution in the area followed by the release of smoke from the industries which 24 people responded to it, while the poor disposal of waste and noise from machineries have responses of 23 and 20 respectively. In zone B, 19 people responded to the use of chemicals, 10 to the poor disposal of waste, 9 people indicated to the noise from machineries and 15 responded to the release of smokes from industries. Finally, in zone C, 20 people indicated that the use of chemicals is the major cause of industrial pollution. 18 responded to the poor disposal of waste, 17 to noise from the machineries, and 18 to the release of smokes. Table 1 shows the details. From the table it could seen that zone A and C had high indications than B, this is because Zone A and C are the nearest neighbours to different industries while zone B are area away from the industries. TABLE 1:THE CAUSES OF INDUSTRIAL AIR POLLUTION IN ILUPEJU INDUSTRIAL ESTATE. Source: Field Survey, 2005 Therefore, the major causes of industrial air pollution as seen from the table is because of the use of chemicals which in turn pollute the area through the release of smoke. TABLE 2:THE EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL AIR POLLUTION IN ILUPEJU INDUSTRIAL ESTATE Source: Field Survey, 2005 Table 2 shows that in zone A 20 indicated that restlessness has been one of the effects of industrial air pollution followed by persistent cough and chest pain, eye irritation which is the highest with 21 responses and 20 for asthmatic patients. Zone B, as could be seen from the table 2 had eye patient with 20 respondents and 10 respondents respectively for restlessness and persistent cough and chest pain. Zone C showed that the effect of industrial air pollution is more on eye irritation and persistent cough and chest pain with 20 respondents respectively while restlessness had the highest respondents and asthmatic patient has 19 respondents. From the above table 2, the effects of industrial air pollution is felt more in Zone A followed by Zone B and this is because the residential areas are nearest to the industrial area. Zone B has a total of 59 compared to Zone A (81) and Zone C (80). From the table it indicated that zones A and B have the highest effects of industrial pollution than zone C. Hypotheses were formulated and tested using analysis of variance statistic. The calculated values are 10.27 and 3.72 and the critical table value are 4.26 and 4.26. Therefore, there is variation of industrial air pollution in Ilupeju industrial estate. (See Appendix 1 and 2 for necessary computations). POLICY IMPLEMENTATION In order to prevent severe health hazards arising from increased industrial activities which pollutes the environment, government’s silence on environmental protection over the years should be broken and public interest must be sufficiently aroused through documentaries and corrective measures of pollution. We should therefore, plan ahead, and learn from the mistakes of the industrialized nations and their current efforts to correct those mistakes. We should not allow pollution to be the price of the state’s progress. The establishment of some parastatals concerned with the maintenance of sanity in environment is the next step in the right direction. The Lagos State Ministry of Environment, Lagos State Environmental Protection Agency, Federal Environmental Protection Agency and the Ministry of Health, etc. amongst others are charged with the responsibility of protecting the environment and maintaining a healthy environments as a way for national development and global employment. However, to grapple effectively with our environmental problems and enhance the quality of life in our settlements, we require information in the nature and dimension of these problems. The State Government should make funds available for relevant research to increase our understanding of the source and effect of gaseous pollutant and all disciplines have a role to play in this regard. There is need to design relatively, cheap yet efficient methods of waste disposal for our towns and cities (Atubi and Oriero, 2006b). Finally, it may be observed that in the area of pollution control, there must be a good deal of cooperation between professionals. The engineers should explore different alternatives of controls; the economists must determine which combination of measures is least costly for a given degree or control. The social scientists explore the intangible benefits associated with different level of control, the surveyors to determine how best each level of control could be developed and the jurist establish how different control measures can be enforced. The decision regarding the control measures can be adopted and enforced. However, the adoptions rest with the people and the government. They will have to pay for it and will have to live with it. CONCLUSION The result of the study has shown that all environmental pollution in Ilupeju industrial estate is created by man’s activities in living, producing and consuming goods and services. These activities generate net benefits to the people undertaking them even though they may impose unwanted cost. An important objective of environmental resources management in Lagos State is to plan towards an improvement of overall quality of the state’s human environment and this plan should be undertaken from the local level upwards. To achieve this objective, a strategy should be worked out to ensure that the use of resources for the welfare of man does not result in a conflict between the environment and development or between resource utilization and man. REFERENCES Ademoroti C. M. A. (1988), â€Å"Environmental Management: Case Studies on Industrial Waste water treatment†, Environmental issues and management in Nigeria Development. Pp. 200 – 206 Atubi, A. O. and Onokala, P. C. (2006a) â€Å"The Socio-Economic Effects of Oil Spillage on Agriculture in the Niger-Delta: A case study of Olomoro, Delta State, Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Studies vol. 2 No.4. Pp. 46 – 52. Atubi, A. O. and Oriero, S. B. (2006b) Environmental Sanitation in Abraka Metropolis; Towards A public policy in Akinbode, A and Ugbomeh B (eds) Abraka Region pp. 118 – 128. Atubi, A. O. (2007b) The Perception of Industrial Disturbances in Nigeria Cities: A Geographical Appraisal of Benin-City. Journal of Environmental Analar (forthcoming). Hill J. (1999), General Chemistry: An Integrated approach 2nd edition, Englewood Cliffs, N. J. Prenctice Hall. Hodges L. (1977), Environmental Pollution: 2nd Edition U.S.A., Library of Congress cataloging in publication Data. Pp. 6 – 8. Kormondy, E. J. (1984), Concept of Ecology, Englewood Cliffs, N. J. Prentice – Hall P. 35. Mcgraw-Hill (1977) Encyclopaedia of Environmental Science, New York: Mcgraw-hill p. 35. Miller, G. T. (1994) Living in the environment: Principles, Connection and Solution 8th edition Belmont California, Wadsworth. Pp. 569 – 583, 645 – 647. Nwafor, J. C. (1981) â€Å"An Evaluation of Land Conservation Problems of Extractive and Manufacturing Industries in Nigeria: A case study of Nkalagu Cement Industry† In U. M. Gbozurike (ed.) Land Use and Conservation in Nigeria. Nsukka; University of Nigeria Press, Pp. 128 – 36. Ohaji, S.M.O. (1988), â€Å"The Effects of Brewery Effluent Discharge on Ikpoba River Water Quality, Benin City† Environmental issues and management in Nigeria Development, Pp. 196 – 197. Okoro, P. T. (1979) Environmental Problems and Your Health: A paper presented to the Ministry of Health. Segynola, A. A. (1988) â€Å"The Nigerian Industrial Landscape and Environmental Degradation†. Environmental issues and Management in Nigeria Development, Pp. 174 – 179. Simon, I. G. (1982) The Ecology of Natural Resources, 2nd edition. Edward Arnold Limited, Pp. 277 – 279. APPENDIX I CAUSES OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION IN THE STUDY AREA TO USE ANOVA, APPLY SSt=Sum of Square total Ssw=Sum of square within SSb=Sum of Square between Assign X1, X2 and X3 to the various zones Ho: There is no variation of industrial Air Pollution in the study Area. Calculate the F – ratio and use it to test for the significant difference SSt – ÃŽ £X2 = (ÃŽ £X)2 N ÃŽ £X2 = ÃŽ £X12 + ÃŽ £X22 + ÃŽ £32 = 2130 + 767 + 1337 = 4234 N = n1 + n2 + n3 = 4 + 4 + 4 = 12 ÃŽ £X = ÃŽ £X1 + ÃŽ £X2 + ÃŽ £X3 = 92 + 53 + 73 = 218 SSt=4234 – (218)2 12 SSt = 4234 – 3960 = 273.7 To get SSb SSb = ( X1)2 + ( ÃŽ £X2)2 + (ÃŽ £X3)2 – ( ÃŽ £X)2 n1 n2 n3 N (92)2 + (53)2 + (73)2 – (218)2 4 4 4 12 (2116 + 702.3 + 1332.3) – 3960.3 4150.6 – 3960.3 SSb = 190.3 To get SSw SSw = SSt – SSb 273.7 – 190.3 SSw = 83.4 Determine the F – ratio F = MSb MSw Where MSb = Mean Square between MSw = Mean Square Within Firstly, dfb (df between) = K – 1 Where K = number of groups dfb = 3 – 1 = 2 Secondly, dfw (df within) = N – K Where N = Number of subjects dfw = 12 – 3 = 9 df total = N – 1 12 – 1 = 11 MSb = SSb = 190.3 dfb 2=95.2 Then MSw = SSw= 83.4 dfw 9=9.27 F = MSb = 95,2 MSw 9.27=10.27 The calculated F-ratio must be larger than the theoretical F-ratio to reject the hypothesis. At 0.05 level of confidence, Theoretical F = 4.26 Calculated F = 10.27 Therefore, there is variation of industrial Air Pollution in the study area. APPENDIX 2 THE EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL AIR POLLUTION IN THE STUDY AREA n1 = 4n2 = 4n3 = 4 ÃŽ £X1 = 81ÃŽ £X2 = 59ÃŽ £X3 = 80 ÃŽ £X12 – 1641 ÃŽ £X22 = 961ÃŽ £X32 = 1602 X1 = 20.3X2 = 14.8X3 = 20 SSt = ÃŽ £X2 = ( ÃŽ £X)2 N ÃŽ £X2 = ÃŽ £X12 + ÃŽ £X22 + ÃŽ £X32 1641 + 961 + 1602 = 4204 N = n1 + n2 + n3 = 4 + 4 + 4 =12 ÃŽ £X = ÃŽ £X1 + ÃŽ £X2 + ÃŽ £X3 = 81 + 59 + 80 = 220 SSt = 4204 – (220)2 12 SSt = 4204 – 4033.3 = 170.7 To get SSb SSb = ( ÃŽ £X1)2 + ( ÃŽ £X2)2 + ( ÃŽ £X3)2 – ( ÃŽ £X)2 n1 n2 n3 N (18)2 + (59)2 + (80)2 – (220)2 4 4 4 12 1640.3 + 870.3 + 1600 – 4033.3 4110.6 – 4033.3 SSb = 77.3 To get SSw SSw = SSt – SSb 170.7 – 77.3 = 93.4 F = MSb MSw dfb = 3 – 1 = 2 dfw = 12 – 3 = 9 MSb = SSb – 77.3 dfb 2 =38.7 MSw = SSw = 93.4 dfw 9=10.4 F = MSb=38.7 MSw10.4 Theoretical F = 4.26 Calculated F = 3.72 1

The Importance of Childhood Vaccination Essays -- Medicine Vaccination

Since the introduction of vaccinations, medical science has managed to all but eliminate many formerly fatal and debilitating childhood illnesses in countries where the immunization of children is nearly universal. Diseases such as measles, mumps, diphtheria, rubella and polio have been relegated to a marginal status in developed countries with active immunization campaigns; smallpox is actually considered to have been completely eliminated from the earth, without a single case having been reported since roughly 1979 (â€Å"Childhood†). Largely centered around a study published in 1998 in the British medical journal â€Å"The Lancet†, there has been an upsurge in concerns of the safety of vaccinations and a resulting decrease in their usage. This has led to a somewhat anachronistic return of these diseases. In many developed countries, parents are relying on herd immunity to protect their children when they choose to forgo immunization over concerns about their safety. Herd immunity essentially means that when a small percentage of a social group â€Å"can't get certain vaccines for medical reasons, or some children are not able to respond to certain vaccines. For these children, the immunity of people around them is their only protection† (â€Å"Childhood†). While some parents' concerns over the safety of vaccinations are based upon the well-intentioned desire to keep children safe from autism, the act of choosing to not vaccinate their children actually causes far greater damage by exposing them to acquiring potentially life-threatening illnesses and removing a critical link in the chain of herd immunity. Over the last 12 years, a growing population of parents have chosen to avoid immunizing their children with the misguided belief that they are... ...s In Context. Web. 28 Oct. 2010. Deer, Brian. "MMR doctor Andrew Wakefield fixed data on autism." The Sunday Times. Times Newspapers Ltd , 8 Feb. 2009. Web. 28 Oct. 2010. â€Å"Hazlehurst v. Secretary of Health and Human Servs.† 604 F.3d 1343 (2010). Leagle.com. Leagle, Inc. Web. 28 Oct. 2010 "Noncompliance with Mandatory Vaccinations Threatens Community Health." Should Vaccinations be Manditory? Ed. Noà «l Merino. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2010. At Issue. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 28 Oct. 2010. "Vaccine Risks Are Outweighed by the Risks of Not Vaccinating." Should Vaccinations be Manditory? Ed. Noà «l Merino. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2010. At Issue. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 28 Oct. 2010. "Vaccines." Current Issues: Macmillian Social Science Library. Detroit: Gale, 2010. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 9 Nov. 2010.

Senior Picture Day

Y. C. English 2301 Gibson 09/23/10 Self-Consciousness We’ve all been self-conscious about something we can’t change about ourselves at least once in our lives. It’s an instinct to want other people to see you as the best you can be, or more- regardless of whether it’s the real you or not. In the story Senior Picture Day by Michael Serros, a girl feels her appearance categorizes her in the eyes of the public. In her case she looks Indian, and she considers this a negative physical trait to have inherited.It never bothered her until her selfish friend, Terri, used her Indian appearance against her in order to make someone dislike her. If this would’ve happened to me in the fifth grade, I would be pinching my nose until senior year too. The reason I find this work meaningful is why other people would also find it meaningful. It’s something we can all relate to. As a common example, height seems to be a common issue with males whenever theyâ€⠄¢re short. In middle school this may not be a problem, but in high school this tends to become an issue when most boys have had their growth spurt when some are just not going to grow anymore.A guy is expected to be tall in some societies, probably because it is seen as more attractive and well let’s face it; we girls want to wear heels. From the story, having an Indian nose, I don’t think it should bother anyone. It’s not a disability so it won’t affect your life. If the narrator had done anything more than just squeeze her nose because she felt uncomfortable, I wouldn’t approve. I understand why she did it. Being betrayed by her best friend wasn’t the shock. The real eye opener for her was the fact that she could be disliked for such a facial feature.I personally don’t like my chubby cheeks, so if anyone mentioned them I would probably be self-conscious for a few years or until someone told me otherwise and I actually believed them . Another way people can relate to the story is the part about being betrayed by a friend. This happens to everyone, with anything. It’s just how we are; we like to make ourselves better by hurting others. Personally it’s not my past time, but I’ve felt the effects. Just think about that time in gym class when you couldn’t run as fast or weren’t so good at a sport so your peers made fun of you.There are also circumstances when a different culture mixes in to a group of all the same. Like someone who always lived as â€Å"high class† but then gets relocated to a â€Å"lower class† neighborhood. The way they dress can change but where they come from doesn’t change so they are discriminated against. Just like the narrator in the story, where you come from is something you can’t change, no matter what. You really have to love yourself the way you are and not think too much about what other people think, if you don’t y ou’ll find yourself squeezing your nose every day from the fifth grade to senior year picture day.

Socratic Dialectic Essays

Socratic Dialectic Essays Socratic Dialectic Paper Socratic Dialectic Paper A friend of Socrates, Chaerephon, asked the Oracle of Delphi if there is anyone wiser than Socrates. The goddess answered that there is not. (Plato, p. 50). Aware that he cannot claim wisdom, but intrigued by the Oracle’s answer, Socrates embarks on a journey to find someone who is truly wise. The method he used to establish someone’s wisdom or lack of it has been known as the Socratic dialectic. Socrates’ dialectic technique, its aim and its method will be examined in this paper. The Apology of Socrates’ by Plato, will be used as a case study to illustrate key points. Upon hearing the Oracle’s answer that no one is wiser than him, Socrates found the literal interpretation difficult to comprehend. He decided to seek out people who have a reputation for wisdom in various regards and test their claims to knowledge through questioning. He discovers a good deal of vain ignorance and false claims to knowledge, but no one with genuine wisdom. As he always believed that he knew very little, he came to the conclusion that he was wise only in so far as that he knew nothing. Socratic method is a dialectic method of inquiry, in which elenchos (Greek: a cross-examination) is the central technique (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Socrates). Dialectic is a form of a dialogue which consists of two methods, analysis and synthesis. (Macquarie University, Lecture 4). Through analysis, Socrates would ask the person to state a claim they believed to be true. To investigate the validity of the claim, he would use a series of questions and answers. It was intende d to reveal person’s beliefs and underlying assumptions about a particular topic and demonstrate their consistency or lack of it. Once the person’s contradictions have been exposed, the conclusion (synthesis) is that the original claim cannot be made since it does not correspond to evidence presented through the process of analysis. The good example of Socrates’ technique is illustrated in The Apology, Socrates’ defence to charges brought against him by the court of Athens. Meletus, one of his main accusers, believes that Socrates has corrupted the young by teaching them to believe in new deities instead of the gods recognized by the State. Socrates begins his analysis by asking Meletus if he is accusing him of believing in some gods or in no gods at all. Meletus answers that: ‘Yes, I say that you disbelieve in gods altogether. ’ Socrates proceeds by asking Meletus if he also suggests that Socrates believes that the sun and the moon are not gods. Meletus answers that Socrates does not believe that the sun and the moon are gods, because he claims that the sun is a stone and the moon a mass of earth. Socrates demolishes this as a valid point, because these theories do not belong to him, but to Anaxagoras. He concludes that Meletus is contradicting himself stating that ‘Socrates is guilty of not believing in the gods, but believing in the gods’. He continues by asking if it is possible to believe in human activities, but not in human beings, or supernatural activities and not in supernatural beings? Meletus answers ‘no’. Socrates proceeds by saying that since he is accused of believing and teaching others in supernatural activities, he must also believe in supernatural beings, which are either gods or their children. This is where Socrates demolishes Meletus’ claim for the second time by concluding that Meletus was simply testing his intelligence by stating first that he does not believe in gods, then that he does, since he believes in supernatural beings. (Plato, p56-58) So what can be said of Socrates’ technique? Although the method itself seems simple, it is almost impossible to escape its intense rigor as well as the destructiveness of its rich irony. By using leading questions that require short and logical answers, Socrates cross-examines and refutes the opponent usually ending the conversation in puzzlement and embracement. He professes to be a plain man who speaks only simple truths, yet his proficiency in employing some very clever rhetoric enables him to keep an upper hand in every conversation. And while his method might appear ruthless and hostile, it was essentially ethical in character. Belief in a purely objective understanding of such concepts as justice, love, and virtue, and the self-knowledge that he encouraged, were the basis of his teachings. He believed that all vice is the result of ignorance, and that no person is willingly bad; correspondingly, virtue is knowledge, and those who know the right will act rightly. Socrates was not a believer in any specific metaphysical point of view, but he believed that he was appointed by God to examine himself and others in order to discover who they really are. Thus, he claimed that the highest goodness consists in the caring of the soul concerned with moral truth and moral understanding. ‘Wealth does not bring goodness, but goodness brings wealth and every other blessing, both to the individual and to the state’. (Plato, p 62). As previously stated, Socrates dialectic aims to etermine whether an individual makes justifiable claims to knowledge by using the method of cross-examination in order to draw out a contradiction or inconsistency in their claims. However, this is not the only aim of dialectic. The Socratic method is also a means of conversing, developing a dialogue that aims to bring awareness to person’s ignorance of a subject. It aims to free other from ignorance, encourage them on their path to self-knowledge, assist then in leading good, virtuous life and ultimately improve the welfare of their souls. In my opinion, this is certainly a cause worth admiration; however I have found myself questioning the real outcome of his ironic, ruthless method of inquiry. He aimed to awaken his fellow citizen’s attachment to authoritative moral and religious opinions, by criticizing the popular ideas, but in the process managed to ridicule and embrace them. Does a man who feels like a fool, after being subjected to public scrutiny have a desire and commitment to turn the mirror inwards and start living ‘life worth living’? Or would he, more likely, regard Socrates and his method as arrogant and rebellious, and therefore inevitably respond by disregarding its true meaning. And it is that in its true meaning, Socrates’ dialectic reminds us that the way to wisdom lies in the philosophy, in our willingness to question what we (and others) know and in the ability to justify and give reasonable account for our claim. Socrates once said that â€Å"I know you won’t believe me, but the highest form of Human Excellence is to question oneself and others†

S - Glossary of the First World War

S - Glossary of the First World War SAA: Small Arms Ammunition. Sablatnig SF-Types: Series of German reconnaissance floatplanes.Sac terre : Sandbag.St. Étienne Gun: French machine gun used when production of the standard Hotchkiss gun couldn’t meet demand. Originally used a thirty round magazine; withdrawn in 1916.Salient: Any ‘bulge’ or projection out from a battle line.Sallies / Salvoes: Salvation Army Officers; ran relief operations behind the lines.Salmson 2: French armed reconnaissance biplane used in 1918.SAML: Italian reconnaissance biplane.S ammunition: Spitz-Munition, the normal German bullet.Sammy: French slang for Americans.Sandbag: Bags filled with earth or sand and used in the construction of defences.San fairy ann: British expression of fatalism.Sangar: Wall to defend against small arms fire.Sap / Sapping: In trench warfare, the practice of digging small ‘sap’ trenches at roughly ninety degrees out from existing lines and then digging a new trench line at the front of the saps. A slow, but relat ively safe, way of moving forward.Sapper: Royal Engineer. Sarg: Slang for the Hansa-Brandenburg D1 airplane.Sausage: Captive barrage balloons.Sausage Hill: ‘To go to Sausage Hill’ was to be captured by Germans.SB: Stretcher Bearer.Scharnhorst: Class of German armoured cruiser.‘Schlanke Emma’: Skinny Emma, a 305mm howitzer built by Austria-Hungary and famously (and very effectively) used by Germany in 1914.Schusta: Schutzstaffeln (below).Schutzstaffeln: German unit protecting reconnaissance aircraft.Schà ¼tzen: German Rifle Corps.Schà ¼tzengrabenvernichtungaautomobil: Tank.Schà ¼tte-Lanz: A type of German airship.Schwarze Marie: German slang for a heavy naval gun.Schwarzlose: The standard machine gun of the Austro-Hungarian army; fired 8mm bullets.Scran: 1. Food, 2. Rubbish.SD: Sanitts-Departement, Medical Department of the German War Ministry.SE-5: British fighter biplane used after 1917.Sea Scouts: British observation airships.Seaplane Carriers: Ships which carried seaplanes; these could sometimes take off from the deck of the carrier, but couldn’t land; instead they used floats to land in the sea and where winched back on. Selective Service Act: Law requiring all US males between 21-30, later 18-45, to register for possible conscription.Sepoy: Indian private of infantry.Shashqa: Cossack Sabre.Shell dressing: A dressing larger than the field dressing.Shell Shock: Psychological damage/trauma caused by exposure to warfare.Shinel: Russian Greatcoat.Short 184: British floatplane torpedo bomber.Short 320: British floatplane torpedo bomber.Short 827: British reconnaissance floatplane.Shrapnel: Officially balls carried by certain artillery shells to cause maximum damage to infantry, but often used to describe all shards/damage causing pieces from artillery shells.SIA: Societ Italiana Aviazione, Italian manufacturer of aircraft.SIA-9B: Italian reconnaissance biplane of 1918.Siemens-Schuckert D-I: German fighter plane, a copy of the Nieuport 17.Siemens-Schuckert D-IV: German fighter plane of 1918.Siemens-Schuckert R-Type: Large German bombing plane.Sigarneo: Okay.Signalese: The phonetic alphabet.Sikorski IM: Rus sia heavy bomber. Silent Percy: Slang for a gun firing at such range it couldn’t be heard.Silent Susan: High velocity shells.Silladar: System where Indian cavalryman owned their own horse.Sister Susie: Women doing army work.SIW: Self Inflicted Wound.Skilly: Very watery stew.Skite: ANZAC slang for a boaster.Slack / Spoil: Debris caused by an explosion.SM: Company Sergeant Major.Smasher: Felt slouch hat.SmK: German armour piercing ammo.SMLE: Short Magazine Lee-Enfield.Snob: A soldier who repaired boots.Soldier’s Friend: Type of boot polish.Sopwoth Baby: British floatplane.Sopwith Camel: British fighter biplane used from July 1917 to the war’s end.Sopwith 5F-1 Dolphin: British fighter/ground attack biplane.Sopwith ‘Pup’ / Scout: Officially called the Sopwith Scout or Type 9901, the Pup was a single seat fighter.Sopwith TF-2 Salamander: British ground attack biplane.Sopwith Schneider: British floatplane.Sopwith 7F-1 Snipe: British fighter biplane.Sopwith 1 1/2 Strutter: B ritish fighter biplane used by many of the Allies. Sopwith Tabloid: British scout and light bombing plane.Sopwith Triplane: British fighter plane with three wings.SOS: 1. The firing of colour coded rocket from the front line to call down supporting fire. 2. Service of Supply.Sotnia: Russian cavalry squad.Sotnik: Cossack lieutenant.Souvenir: To steal.South Carolina: American class of battleships.Sowar: Indian cavalry soldier.SP: Section de parc, French mechanical transport.SPAD: French manufacturer of aircraft originally called Socià ©tà © Provisoire des Aà «roplanes Deperdussin, but replaced in 1914 by Socià ©tà © pour l’Aviation et ses Dà ©rivà ©s.Spad A-2: French armed reconnaissance biplane, used mainly on the Eastern front.Spad S-VII: French fighter biplane.Spad S-XIII: French fighter biplane used by most allies after summer 1917.Spad S-XVII: French fighter released in 1918.‘Spandau’ Gun: Allied name for the German 7.92mm Maschinengewehr, derived from a confusion of official names (the Allies thought th e gun was called a Spandau, not produced by them). ‘Spider’s Web’: A system of floatplane patrols targeting submarines in the North Sea after May 1917.Splash: Either bullet fragments which pass through a tanks observation slits or splinters of metal knocked off the outside of a tank by bullet impacts.Springfield: Standard rifle of the US army.Spud: 1. Potatoes 2. Anyone called Murphy 3. Iron devices attached to tank tracks to improve grip. Squaddy: Soldier. SR: Scottish Rifles, the Cameronians. SRD: ‘Service Rum, Dilute’, label on rum jars. SS: Section sanitaire, French field ambulance. Stabsoffizier: German field officer. Stand down: The end of a stand-to (see below). Standschà ¼tzen: The reserve mountain troops of Tirolea. Stand To: Manning trenches to repel at attack, always done at least as dawn and dusk. Starshina: Lieutenant-Colonel of the Cossacks. Starski unteroffizier: Russian sergeant. Stavka: The central command of the Russian army. Stellenbosch: Being relieved of command and sent home. Stick-bomb: Hand grenade with a handle. Stinker: Winter goatskin jerkin. Stinks: Soldiers handling gas. Stomag: Stabsoffizier der Maschinengewehre, German staff officer of machine gun units. Stosstruppen: Storm troops. Stoverm: Stabsoffizier der Vermessungswesens, German staff officer of surveying. Strafe: 1. A bombardment/clump of fire. 2. To be told off. Straight: Truth. Stranbaus Horn: Gas alarm. Stunt: 1. An attack. 2. Something clever. Sturmpanzerkraftwagen: Tank. Sturmtruppen: Storm troops. Subedar: Indian lieutenant of infantry. Submarine: British nickname for the bloater fish. Suicide club: A bombing party. SVA: Savoia-Verduzio-Ansaldo, Italian manufacturer of aircraft. Swaddy: Private soldier. Swagger-stick: Cane carried by off duty soldiers. Systà ¨me D: French slang for confusion. : French slang for confusion.

Student development in higher education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Student development in higher education - Essay Example Higher education institutions tend to spend more on students particularly with a good educational profile in order to bring them up as potential faculty members or else, knowledgeable scholars to serve the country at various levels. Students are most ambitious about their professional careers while they are in their higher education. Students tend to do study harder in an attempt to be eligible for various scholarships that are offered by the higher education institutions. This comes as a source of inspiration for the relatively careless students, and they tend to realize the importance of working hard. In turn, they also participate in the race of professional development. Ambitious class fellows serve as a source of inspiration for the usually careless students. Higher education institutions particularly encourage the students to work harder by making them aware of their faculty development programs. Nowadays, many higher education institutions including government and private colleges and universities offer faculty development programs in which they bear their teachers’ tuition and accommodation expenses while they go abroad for to foreign reputable universities for further education. The institutions finance their faculty so that they would be equipped with faculty educated in well-ranked universities across the globe. This causes a good impression of the institution on the prospective students and the institutions get more applications from capable students in the country. The current students who have already been made aware of the faculty development programs tend to work harder in order to secure the minimum GPA required to make them eligible for selection as a faculty member in the future. Many higher education institutions are practically linked with industries and are responsible to ensure a constant supply of scholars and educated personnel to take part in the

External Resource Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

External Resource Management - Case Study Example No doubt, Ron has done the work delegated to him by the section head in the proper working order. But we are not informed that Simon is aware of Fred Gibson's requisition. Hence, a conflict can arise here, as Simon would think that Ron has taken the initiative to hire the vending machine, because he saw only the usual contract letter, sent to him by Ron for authorising the hire. Purchasing department has its own rules and regulations of weighing the commodity and grouping the supplies. "To bring the user and supplier in direct contact, purchasing must establish the business framework. The buyer researches each commodity and groups the items by family or by possible sources of supply," Harding 1990, p.119). Ron's mistake, although could be unknown to him, is that he did not inform Simon that the vending machine was according to instructions of Fred Gibson, who found the deal cheap and reasonable at only 32 per week as hiring charges. Fred has recommended that Snackshop Vending Machine should be hired from one of the known suppliers, A B Drinks System. Fred, in his requisition slip has also mentioned that he has already spoken to the said suppliers and Mr. Pearce, the Sales Executive of the potential suppliers has agreed to pay 625 for the old snacks vending machine that is being currently used on site and Fred has clearly recommended that the weekly rent and purchase of old machine, both are on the side of their company, and should be attended to immediately. To Simon, this has come in the most unconventional way and not as the usual purchasing function as part of supply chain. "The purchasing function should ensure an optimal supply system, which must be geared towards the needs of production and materials planning. In other words, the purchasing function is a very important link in the production and supply chain of organisation," Weele (2002, p.25). In many traditional organisations, managers do not realise that Procurement management need not be always 'by the book'. It can change in many ways and the main logic behind its constant change is the ultimate service and ethical profit for the company and within this framework, there could be many different approaches. "The overall conclusion must be, however, that there is no simple blueprint which can be applied to successful procurement management. One cannot argue that collaboration is superior to competition, or that partnership sourcing and just-in-time offer a simple route to success," Lamming and Cox (1995, p.20). But many managers like Simon do not look at it from that angle. In the capacity of General Manager, Fred Gibson is within his rights while handling the issue. Perhaps he went slightly wrong in not going through proper channel. Usually people like Simon are conventional while dealing with other people at work place. They usually feel threatened to go out of the written rules. They do not like to create precedents, as they are unsure of workers' temperament. They will be apprehensive about further demands of workers, if more liberty is granted to them. They are usually insecure in their places and guard the connected prestige and hierarchy with great zeal and changing these attitudes is not always easy. "The real problem is to get people to fundamentally change their behaviour so that they become the actors who will operate in such a way that 'best practice'